Images are essential in capturing, storing, and sharing visual content. From high-resolution images and crisp graphics to color depth, understanding the intricacies of various image formats is crucial for photographers, videographers, designers, and anyone working with digital images.
If you're just starting out and wondering about the differences between the dozens of image file formats and when to use each, you're in the right place. Each format has its advantages and is optimized for a specific use. Choosing a suitable file type produces the perfect image for your use, whether you're printing it out, marketing it on social media, or creating complex 3D structures. Many photographers and marketers want to achieve and rely upon to sell their products. In this guide, we will explain image file formats, types and when to use each effectively.
What Are Image File Formats?
An image is a digital file containing graphic data, and it can come in various formats to organize and store digital graphic information. In simpler terms, an image file format organizes and stores visual data in a digital format. It defines the structure and organization of data within the file, allowing you to save, display, and share images across different devices and software applications.
The two main formats for storing digital information are raster image files and vector image files. Raster image files are formed from a pixel grid where each pixel is assigned a color. These exist in one size, meaning they lose quality when enlarged, as when you enlarge a raster image, you enlarge or stretch the pixels themselves, resulting in a blurry image. Raster image files include formats such as JPG, PNG, and GIF.
In contrast, vector image files use mathematical formulas to produce resizable images. Each equation can be assigned a color, stroke, thickness, etc., to turn the shapes into art. When you resize the image, you won't lose quality or get any pixelation. Vector image files include PDF, SVG, and EPS.
Why Does Image File Format Matter?
Whether you want to print a photo or upload an image to your website, you must ensure that the format meets your size, quality, formatting, and shareability requirements. Some image files occupy more space and cannot be compressed, while others can. Different formats also use various compression techniques, resulting in varying levels of accuracy when compared to the original image. For example, JPEG uses lossy compression, so when a JPEG file is reduced, it permanently eliminates certain information, and it cannot be restored to its original form after decompression. On the other hand, PNG uses lossless compression, allowing the original data to be reconstructed after decompression.
Additionally, when dealing with images, you might have to convert them from one format to the other, depending on your requirements. For instance, converting an image from PDF to JPG can reduce file size as PDFs take up more space. It also makes altering and uploading your image to social media easier since most apps don't accept PDF uploads.
What Are the Different Image File Formats?
Each image format has a purpose. They are designed to accommodate different image types, ranging from simple graphics to high-resolution photographs. Each format's characteristics include compression, algorithms, color support, transparency, and file size. Knowing which one to use to produce the best quality is vital.
We've compiled a few of the most widely used image formats below so that you know when to use each.
1. JPG/JPEG
JPG, or JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), is one of the most frequently used online formats for photos, email graphics, and high-resolution printing photographs or artwork. Many digital cameras also use JPG as the standard because of its color scheme and the small size of the image. However, JPG is a lossy image format that loses quality as file size changes.
You should use JPG when dealing with online photos or artwork, as JPG is ideal for web images you need to download quickly. JPG is also suitable for editing and printing high-resolution files and emailing a preview image to a client.
2. GIF
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a lossless image format with a limited color palette of 256 colors, making it suitable for images like graphs or logos with little color variety. It is also widely used for animated graphics, such as banner ads and social media memes. Since they are lossless, compression doesn't lead to a loss of image quality.
GIFs are ideal for web animations, but you can also use them for web projects requiring fast image loading time. Even though GIFs are high-resolution, you should avoid them if you need photographic quality or prints. The image will lack color depth and vibrance because of the color limit.
3. PNG
Portable network graphics (PNGs) are also a lossless image format made as an alternative to GIFs. They display the same color scheme as GIFs but have additional color depth and built-in transparency.
PNGs are perfect for colorful illustrations and graphics on a transparent background, resulting in more distinct and vibrant images. They are also ideal when you require a smaller file size, but you should avoid them when dealing with a print project, as they're optimized for screens.
4. TIFF
Tagged image file formats (TIFFs) are lossless files that won't reduce quality when you compress them, allowing for high-quality images and larger file sizes. This makes TIFFs ideal for photography and desktop publishing. They are also optimal for good-quality print graphics and high-resolution scans. Since they're optimized for print, you should avoid them when working with web graphics, as their large file size results in slow loading time.
5. RAW
A RAW image format comprises original, unprocessed data directly photographed by a digital camera or scanner sensor. Every image taken on a DSLR camera is initially saved in this way and then converted to others when uploaded somewhere else. RAW images store processed and unprocessed data in two separate files, allowing you to edit the highest-quality image using tools like Photoshop. RAW is ideal for shooting or editing photos, but most printers don't support the RAW format, so you should avoid it when you want to print photos.
6. PDF
A portable document format (PDF) is an image format that can be easily shared and distributed among various devices. You can use it to display graphics correctly, no matter the device, software, or Internet browser. PDFs can support a variety of things, from images to spreadsheets, and are also universally accepted as the file format for printing.
You can use PDFs to print an image or display a document, such as a poster or a flier, on the Internet. It isn't generally considered ideal for editing, but editing a PDF document using specific tools is possible.
Endnote
Understanding image file formats and when to use each is essential for producing the best quality image. Each format has strengths that make it ideal for use in a particular situation. As a photographer, designer, or marketer, your job is to leverage these strengths and ensure your image is ideal for every situation. Whether you're creating web graphics or doing professional photography, choosing the correct format can significantly impact your work's visuals and overall quality.
